Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks - 2nd Edition (2004)

Hardcover  XXXI, 527 pp, 91 illus  ISBN 3540213422      £69.00

The study of pharmaceuticals in the environment is a relatively new area of research, which has only just taken off in recent years. Since the first edition was printed, many research articles on this subject have been published. It is exceedingly difficult for the individual, in particular those not acquainted with the field to establish trends and developments. Even specialists will appreciate this book, as it provides the reader with a well-founded over view. Following the resounding success of the first edition, this new edition has been brought up to date and greatly extended. It includes the status of research on soil, paying particular attention to field studies in terrestrial and aquatic environments as well as new substance categories such as tetracylines and chinolones and the latest results concerning contamination of the environment and risk reduction. In line with the newest developments worldwide there are now many more contributions from international authors. This volume also caters for the new requirements confronting European and American researchers since publication of the first edition.

Contents

Part I Introduction

1 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment -Scope of the Book and Introduction

2 Special Characteristics of Pharmaceuticals Related to Environmental Fate

Part II Use and Occurence of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

3 Emissions from Medical Care Units

4 Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Changes in the Presenceand Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use in Italy

5 Environmental Exposure of Antibiotics in Wastewaters, Sewage Sludges and Surface Waters in Switzerland

6 Pharmaceuticals in the Canadian Environment

7 Occurrence of Human Pharmaceuticals in Water Resources of the United States: A Review

8 Strategies for Selecting Pharmaceuticals to Assess Attenuation During Indirect Potable Water Reuse

9 Residues of Clofibric Acid, Ibuprofen and Diclofenac in the Aquatic Environment and their Elimination in Sewage Treatment and Drinking Water Production

10 Drugs in Municipal Landfills and Landfill Leachates

11 Antibiotics in Soil: Routes of Entry, Environmental Concentrations, Fate and Possible Effects

12 Use of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the United States

13 Use and Environmental Occurrence ofVeterinary Pharmaceuticals in United States Agriculture

14 Fate of Veterinary Medicines Applied to Soils

Part III Fate and Effects of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment

15 Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate

16 Effects of Pharmaceuticals on Aquatic Invertebrates The Example of Carbamazepine and Clofibric Acid

17 What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?

18 Resistance in the Environment

19 Effects of Ethinyloestradiol and Methyltestosterone inProsobranch Snails

Part IV Risk Assessment and Risk Management

20 Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment

21 Environmental Risk Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use: Aspects of Its Regulations in the European Union, Canada and United States

22 Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the EU - A Regulatory Perspective

23 The ECO-SHADOW Concept - A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials

24 A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I - Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data

25 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals II - Aquatic Risk Characterisation

26 A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals III - Indirect Human Exposure

27 Plasma Concentrations of Human Pharmaceuticals as Predictors of Pharmacological Responses in Fish

28 Using (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationships in Pharmaceutical Risk Assessment

29 Removal of Pharmaceutical Residues from Contaminated Raw Water Sources by Membrane Filtration

30 Potential Environmental Risks by Cleaning Hair and Skin - Eco-Label - A Possibility to Reduce Exposure to Personal Care Products

Part V Need for Further Research

31 Risks Related to the Discharge of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Further Research Is Needed

32 Methodological Aspects Concerning the Environmental Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products - Research Challenges

33 PPCPs in the Environment: Future Research - Beginning with the End Always in Mind

Part VI Conclusion

Subject Index