Polymer Reference Book

Hardback  704  ISBN 9781859575093      £165.00

Softback  704  ISBN 9781859574928      £110.00

This book describes the types of techniques now available to the polymer chemist and technician, and discusses their capabilities, limitations and applications. All types of modern instrumentation are covered including those used in general quality control, research analysis, process monitoring and for determining the mechanical, electrical, thermal and optical characteristics. Aspects such as automated analysis and computerised control of instruments are also included.

The book covers not only instrumentation for the determination of metals, non metals, functional groups, polymer structural analysis and end-groups in the main types of polymers now in use commercially, but also the analysis of minor non-polymeric components of the polymer formulation, whether they be deliberately added, such as processing additives, or whether they occur adventitiously, such as residual volatiles and monomers and water. Fingerprinting techniques for the rapid identification of polymers and methods for the examination of polymer surfaces and polymer defects are also discussed.

The book gives an up-to-date and thorough exposition of the present state-of-the-art of the theory and availability of instrumentation needed to effect chemical and physical analysis of polymers. Over 1,800 references are included. The book should be of great interest to all those who are engaged in the examination of polymers in industry, university research establishments and general education. The book is intended for all staff who are concerned with instrumentation in the polymer laboratory, including laboratory designers, work planners, chemists, engineers, chemical engineers and those concerned with the implementation of specifications and process control.

Contents

Preface

• Determination of Metals 1.1 Destructive Techniques 1.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1.1.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1.1.3 Atom Trapping Technique 1.1.4 Vapour Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1.1.5 Zeeman Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 1.1.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry 1.1.7 Hybrid Inductively Coupled Plasma Techniques 1.1.8 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry€Mass Spectrometry 1.1.9 Pre-concentration Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Techniques 1.1.10 Microprocessors 1.11 Autosamplers 1.1.12 Applications: Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Metals 1.1.13 Visible and UV Spectroscopy 1.1.14 Polarography and Voltammetry 1.1.15 Ion Chromatography 1.2 Non-destructive Methods 1.2.1 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 1.2.2 Neutron Activation Analysis
• Non-metallic Elements 2.1 Instrumentation: Furnace Combustion Methods 2.1.1 Halogens 2.1.2 Sulfur 2.1.3 Total Sulfur/Total Halogen 2.1.4 Total Bound Nitrogen 2.1.5 Nitrogen, Carbon, and Sulfur 2.1.6 Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen 2.1.7 Total Organic Carbon 2.2 Oxygen Flask Combustion Methods 2.2.1 Total Halogens 2.2.2 Sulfur 2.2.3 Oxygen Flask Combustion: Ion Chromatography 2.2.4 Instrumentation 2.2.5 Applications 2.3 Acid and Solid Digestions of Polymers 2.3.1 Chlorine 2.3.2 Nitrogen 2.3.3 Phosphorus 2.3.4 Silica 2.4 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 2.5 Antec 9000 Nitrogen/Sulfur Analyser
• Functional Groups and Polymer Structure 3.1 Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 3.1.1 Instrumentation 3.1.2 Applications 3.2 Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy 3.2.1 Theory 3.2.2 Instrumentation 3.2.3 Applications 3.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 3.3.1 Instrumentation 3.3.2 Applications 3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 3.4.1 Instrumentation 3.4.2 Applications 3.5 Proton Magnetic Resonance (PMR) Spectroscopy 3.5.1 Instrumentation 3.5.2 Applications 3.6 Reaction Gas Chromatography 3.6.1 Instrumentation 3.6.2 Applications 3.7 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 3.7.1 Theory 3.7.2 Instrumentation 3.7.3 Applications 3.8 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 3.8.1 Instrumentation 3.8.2 Applications 3.9 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Fourier Transform NMR Spectroscopy 3.10 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 3.11 Mass Spectrometric Techniques 3.11.1 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) 3.11.2 XPS 3.11.3 Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) 3.11.4 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Mass Spectrometry 3.11.5 MALDI-MS 3.11.6 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry 3.12 Microthermal Analysis 3.13 Atomic Force Microscopy 3.13.1 Applications 3.14 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Analysis using X-rays
• Examination of Polymer Surfaces and Defects 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Electron Microprobe X-ray Emission Spectrometry 4.2.1 Applications 4.3 NMR Micro-imaging 4.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 4.4.1 Instrumentation 4.4.2 Applications 4.5 Diffusion Reflectance FT-IR Spectroscopy (Spectra-Tech) 4.6 Attenuated Total Infrared Internal Reflectance (ATR) Spectroscopy (Spectra-Tech) 4.7 External Reflectance Spectroscopy (Spectra-Tech) 4.8 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy 4.8.1 Instrumentation 4.8.2 Applications 4.9 X-ray Diffraction/Infrared Microscopy of Synthetic Fibres 4.10 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) 4.11 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 4.12 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 4.12.1 Electron Microscopy and Inverse Gas Chromatography 4.12.2 Supersonic Jet Spectrometry 4.13 ToF SIMS 4.14 Laser-Induced Photoelectron Ionisation with Laser Desorption 4.15 Atomic Force Microscopy 4.16 Microthermal Analysis
• Volatiles and Water 5.1 Gas Chromatography 5.1.1 Instrumentation 5.1.2 Applications 5.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 5.2.1 Instrumentation 5.2.2 Applications 5.3 Polarography 5.3.1 Instrumentation 5.3.2 Applications 5.4 Headspace Analysis 5.4.1 Instrumentation 5.4.2 Applications 5.5 Headspace Gas Chromatography€Mass Spectrometry 5.5.1 Instrumentation 5.6 Purge and Trap Analysis 5.6.1 Instrumentation
• Fingerprinting Techniques 6.1 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) and Melting Temperature (Tm) 6.2 Pyrolysis Techniques 6.2.1 Conventional Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 6.2.2 Laser Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 6.2.3 Photolysis Gas Chromatography 6.2.4 Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry 6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy 6.3.1 Potassium Bromide Discs 6.3.2 Hot Pressed Film 6.4 Pyrolysis Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 6.4.1 Theory 6.4.2 Instrumentation 6.4.3 Applications 6.5 Raman Spectroscopy 6.6 Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy 6.7 Radio Frequency and Low Discharge Mass Spectrometry
• Polymer Additives 7.1 IR and Raman Spectroscopy 7.1.1 Instrumentation 7.1.2 Applications 7.2 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 7.2.1 Instrumentation 7.2.2 Applications 7.3 Luminescence and Fluorescence Spectroscopy 7.3.1 Instrumentation 7.3.2 Applications 7.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) 7.5 Mass Spectrometry 7.5.1 Instrumentation 7.5.2 Applications 7.6 Gas Chromatography 7.6.1 Instrumentation 7.6.2 Applications 7.7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 7.7.1 Theory 7.7.2 Instrumentation 7.7.3 Applications 7.8 Complementary Techniques 7.8.1 HPLC with Mass Spectrometry 7.8.2 HPLC with IR Spectroscopy 7.9 Ion Chromatography 7.10 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 7.10.1 Theory 7.10.2 Instrumentation 7.10.3 Applications 7.11 Thin-Layer Chromatography 7.11.1 Theory 7.11.2 Applications 7.12 Polarography 7.12.1 Instrumentation 7.12.2 Applications 7.13 Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography€Mass Spectrometry 7.14 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 7.15 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 7.16 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 7.17 Solvent Extraction Systems
• Polymer Fractionation and Molecular Weight 8.1 Introduction 8.2 High-Performance GPC and SEC 8.2.1 Theory 8.2.2 Applications 8.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 8.3.1 Instrumentation 8.3.2 Applications 8.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 8.4.1 Theory 8.4.2 Instrumentation 8.4.3 Applications 8.5 Gas Chromatography 8.6 Thin-Layer Chromatography 8.7 NMR Spectroscopy 8.8 Osmometry 8.9 Light Scattering Methods 8.10 Viscometry 8.11 Ultracentrifugation 8.12 Field Desorption Mass Spectrometry 8.13 Capillary Electrophoresis 8.14 Liquid Chromatography€Mass Spectrometry 8.15 Ion Exchange Chromatography 8.16 Liquid Adsorption Chromatography 8.17 Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF SIMS) 8.18 MALDI-MS 8.19 Thermal Field Flow Fractionation 8.20 Desorption Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometry 8.21 Grazing Emission X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
• Thermal and Chemical Stability 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theory 9.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 9.2.2 Differential Thermal Analysis 9.2.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 9.2.4 Thermal Volatilisation Analysis 9.2.5 Evolved Gas Analysis 9.3 Instrumentation 9.3.1 Instrumentation for TGA, DTA, and DSC 9.3.2 Instrumentation for TVA and EGA 9.4 Applications 9.4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 9.4.2 TGA-FT-IR Spectroscopy and DSC-FT-IR Spectroscopy 9.4.3 Differential Thermal Analysis 9.4.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 9.4.5 Thermal Volatilisation Analysis 9.4.6 EGA€TGA€Gas Chromatogravimetry and TGA€Gas Chromatography€Mass Spectrometry 9.4.7 Mass Spectrometric Methods 9.5 Examination of Thermal Stability by a Variety of Techniques 9.6 Heat Stability of Polypropylene 9.6.1 Influence of Pigmentation and UV Stabilisation on Heat Ageing Life
• Monitoring of Resin Cure 10.1 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis 10.1.1 Theory 10.1.2 Instrumentation 10.1.3 Applications 10.2 Dielectric Thermal Analysis 10.2.1 Theory 10.2.2 Instrumentation 10.2.3 Applications 10.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 10.4 Fibre Optic Sensor to Monitor Resin Cure
• Oxidative Stability 11.1 Theory and Instrumentation 11.2 Applications 11.2.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis 11.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 11.2.3 Evolved Gas Analysis 11.2.4 Infrared Spectroscopy of Oxidised Polymers 11.2.5 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy 11.2.6 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry 11.2.7 Imaging Chemiluminescence
• Examination of Photopolymers 12.1 Differential Photocalorimetry 12.1.1 Theory 12.1.2 Instrumentation 12.1.3 Applications 12.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 12.3 Infrared and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 12.4 Gas Chromatography-Based Methods
• Glass Transition and Other Transitions 13.1 Glass Transition 13.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 13.2.1 Theory 13.2.2 Instrumentation 13.2.3 Applications 13.3 Thermomechanical Analysis 13.3.1 Theory 13.3.2 Instrumentation 13.3.3 Applications 13.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 13.4.1 Applications 13.5 Differential Thermal Analysis and Thermogravimetric Analysis 13.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 13.7 Dielectric Thermal Analysis 13.8 Other Transitions (alpha, beta, and gamma) 13.8.1 Differential Thermal Analysis 13.8.2 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 13.8.3 Dielectric Thermal Analysis 13.8.4 Thermomechanical Analysis 13.8.5 Infrared Spectroscopy
• Crystallinity 14.1 Theory 14.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 14.2.1 Theory 14.2.2 Instrumentation 14.2.3 Applications 14.3 Differential Thermal Analysis 14.3.1 Theory 14.3.2 Applications 14.4 X-ray Powder Diffraction 14.4.1 Applications 14.5 Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering/Diffraction 14.5.1 Applications 14.6 Small Angle X-ray Diffraction Scattering and Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy 14.6.1 Theory 14.6.2 Applications 14.7 Static and Dynamic Light Scattering 14.7.1 Applications 14.8 Infrared Spectroscopy 14.8.1 Applications 14.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 14.9.1 Applications
• Viscoelastic and Rheological Properties 15.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 15.1.1 Theory 15.1.2 Instrumentation 15.1.3 Applications 15.2 Thermomechanical Analysis 15.2.1 Applications 15.3 Dielectric Thermal Analysis 15.3.1 Theory 15.3.2 Instrumentation 15.3.3 Applications 15.4 Further Viscoelastic Behaviour Studies 15.5 Further Rheology Studies
• Thermal Properties 16.1 Linear Coefficient of Expansion 16.1.1 Dilatometric Method 16.2 Melting Temperature 16.2.1 Thermal Methods 16.2.2 Fisher-Johns Apparatus 16.3 Softening Point (Vicat) 16.4 Heat Deflection/Distortion Temperature 16.4.1 Thermomechanical Analysis 16.4.2 Martens Method 16.4.3 Vicat Softening Point Apparatus 16.4.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis 16.5 Brittleness Temperature (Low-Temperature Embrittlement) 16.6 Minimum Filming Temperature 16.7 Delamination Temperature 16.8 Melt Flow Index 16.9 Heat of Volatilisation 16.10 Thermal Conductivity 16.11 Specific Heat 16.11.1 Transient Plane Source Technique 16.11.2 Hot Wire Parallel Technique 16.12 Thermal Diffusivity 16.13 Ageing in Air
• Flammability Testing 17.1 Combustion Testing and Rating of Plastics 17.1.1Introduction 17.1.2 Mining Applications 17.1.3 Electrical Applications 17.1.4 Transportation Applications 17.1.5 Furniture and Furnishing Applications 17.1.6 Construction Material Applications 17.1.7 Other Fire-Related Factors 17.2 Instrumentation 17.3 Examination of Combustible Polymer Products 17.4 Oxygen Consumption Cone Calorimetry 17.5 Laser Pyrolysis€Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 17.6 Pyrolysis€Gas Chromatography€Mass Spectrometry 17.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis
• Mechanical, Electrical, and Optical Properties 18.1 Mechanical Properties of Polymers 18.1.1 Load-Bearing Characteristics of Polymers 18.1.2 Impact Strength Characteristics of Polymers 18.1.3 Measurement of Mechanical Properties in Polymers 18.1.4 Properties of Polymer Film and Pipe 18.1.5 Polymer Powders 18.1.6 Physical Testing of Rubbers and Elastomers 18.2 Electrical Properties 18.2.1 Volume and Surface Resistivity 18.2.2 Dielectric and Dissipation Factor 18.2.3 Dielectric Strength (Dielectric Rigidity) 18.2.4 Surface Arc Resistance 18.2.5 Tracking Resistance 18.3 Optical Properties and Light Stability 18.3.1 Stress Optical Analysis 18.3.2 Light Stability of Polyolefins 18.3.3 Effect of Pigments 18.3.4 Effect of Pigments in Combination with a UV Stabiliser 18.3.5 Effect of Carbon Black 18.3.6 Effect of Window Glass 18.3.7 Effect of Sunlight on Impact Strength 18.3.8 Effect of Thickness 18.3.9 Effect of Stress During Exposure 18.3.10 Effect of Molecular Weight 18.3.11 Effect of Sunlight on the Surface Appearance of Pigmented Samples
• Miscellaneous Physical and Chemical Properties 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Particle Size Characteristics of Polymer Powders 19.2.1 Methods Based on Electrical Sensing Zone (or Coulter Principle) 19.2.2 Laser Particle Size Analysers 19.2.3 Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (Autocorrelation Spectroscopy) 19.2.4 Sedimentation 19.2.5 Other Instrumentation
• Additive Migration from Packaged Commodities 20.1 Polymer Additives 20.2 Extraction Tests

Appendix 1
Instrument Suppliers Thermal Properties of Polymers
Mechanical Properties of Polymers
Physical Testing of Polymer Powders
Electrical Properties of Polymers
Optical Properties of Polymers
Physical Testing of Rubbers and Elastomers
Polymer Flammability Properties
Addresses of Suppliers
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Index