Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products (4th Edition)

Hardcover  615 pages, 111 photos, 106 drawings  ISBN 0913250740      £135.00

This book is a most thorough and authoritative reference covering the principles and practices of storing and handling cereal grains and their products, covered in more than 600 pages representing more than 48 years of accumulated knowledge. The contents are as follows:

1. Physical Properties of Cereal Grains.

• Introduction
• General Structure and Proportion of Principal Parts
• General Architecture
• Husk
• Pericarp and Aleurone
• Embryo
• Endosperm: A. Wheat, Rye, Barley, and Triticale, B. Rice, C. Oats, Corn, Sorghum, and Millet
• Physical Properties of Grain: A. Bulk Density, B. Absolute Density and Grain Size, C. Calculation of the Void Volume in a Grain Mass, D. Angle of Repose, E. Distribution of Weight in a Bin, F. Flow of Grain from a Bin, G. Hardness of Grain, H. Breakage of Grain, I. Stress Cracking, J. Cleaning of Grain, K. Grain Dust

2. Moisture and Its Measurement.

• Introduction
• Practical Significance of Moisture in Grain Merchandising, Storage, and Handling: A. Moisture Content and Microbiological Deterioration, B. Sampling for Moisture Content
• Behavior of Moisture in Grain Bulks: A. Variation, B. Transfer
• Relative Humidity, Moisture Content, and Hysteresis: A. Relative Humidity and Moisture Content, B. Hysteresis
• Methods of Measuring Moisture Content: A. Fundamental or Basic Reference Methods, B. Routine Reference Methods, C. Practical Methods

3. Biochemical, Functional, and Nutritive Changes During Storage.

• Introduction
• Respiration: A. Measurement of Respiration, B. Respiration of Stored Grain, C. Dry Matter Loss
• Biochemical Changes: A. Carbohydrate Changes, B. Changes in Nitrogenous Compounds, C. Sick Wheat, D. Lipids
• Nutritive Changes: A. Mineral Changes, B. Changes in Carbohydrates, C. Protein Changes, D. Vitamin Changes
• Effects of Drying: A. General, B. Malting, C. Feeding Value, D. Corn Milling, E. Rice Quality, F. Breadmaking, G. Blending of Wet and Dry Grain
• Organic Acid-Treated Grain
• Dormancy, Viability, Germination, and Malting: A. Dormancy, B. Controlloing Length of Dormancy, C. Viability, D. Maintaining Seed Viability and Quality
• Functional Changes in Wheat: A. General, B. Decreases in Breadmaking Quality - Wheat and Wheat Flour, C. Wheat Whole Meal, Bran, and Germ, D. Postharvest Maturation of Wheat, E. Postmilling Maturation of Flour, F. The Nature of Maturation, G. Changes in Flavor and Odor
• Functional Changes in Other Cereals: A. Corn, B. Rice, C. Barley, D. Oats and Breakfast Cereals, E. Millet
• Indexes of Deterioration: A. Appearance and Odor, B. Respiration, C. Germination, D. Biochemical Tests, E. Summary

4. Development of Storage Techniques: A Historical Perspective.

• Storage in the Ancient World
• Storage in the Middle Ages
• Effects of Colonization and Industrialization
• The Development of Modern Storage
• Storage Structures in Use Today

5. Whole Grain Storage.

• General Considerations: A. Functions and Definitions, B. Conditions of Safe Storage, C. Quality Measurement
• Kinds of Storage Facilities: A. On the Ground, B. Underground, C. Bagged, D. Farm Bins, E. Bin Sites, F. Country Elevators, G. Terminal Elevators
• Structural Requirements of Storage Bins: A. Upright or Silo-Type Bins, B. Flat Bins
• Grain Handling Equipment: A. Receiving and Shipping, B. Cleaning and Drying, C. Scales and Weights, D. Automation, E. Behavior of Grain in Bulk Handling
• Maintaining Quality in Storage: A. Basic Threats, B. Insects, C. Fungi, D. Moisture, E. Temperature, F. Spoutlines, G. Remedial Actions, H. Costs
• Operating Hazards and Safety Measures
• Storage Capacities

6. Drying Cereal Grains.

• Introduction
• Concepts and Terminology: A. Moisture Content, B. Bushel, C. Shrink, D. Dryer Characteristics, E. Air Psychrometrics, F. Dryer Performance
• Drying Theory: A. Thin-Layer Drying, B. Grain Equilibrium Moisture Content, C. Heat and Mass Balances, D. Deep-Bed Drying
• Drying Systems: A. Fans, B. Low-Temperature Bin Dryers, C. High-Temperature Bin-Batch Dryers, D. Continuous-Flow Bin Dryers, E. High-Temperature Column Dryers, F. Concurrent-Flow Dryers, G. Other Dryer Types
• Grain Cooling: A. In-Bin Cooling, B. Dryeration, C. Combination High-Temperature/Low-Temperature Drying
• Energy Conservation: A. Solar Energy for Grain Drying, B. Biomass Energy for Grain Drying, C. Electrical Energy for Grain Drying
• Evaluating Drying Systems

7. Aeration and Stored Grain Management.

• Introduction
• Purposes of Aeration: A. Grain Temperature Control, B. Other Uses
• Aeration Theory: A. Moisture Reduction During Cooling, B. Aeration with High- or Low-Humidity Air, C. Cooling (or Warming) Zones
• Aeration System Design: A. Airflow Rates, B. Fan Selection, C. Air Distribution
• Aeration System Operation: A. Seasonal Aeration Schedules, B. Daily Fan Operation, C. Airflow Direction, D. Other Management Suggestions

8. Alternative Storage Practices.

• Controlled Atmospheres: A. Introduction, B. Carbon Dioxide, C. Nitrogen, D. Gas Produced by Combustion of Hydrocarbons, E. Other Gases and Mixtures, F. Use and Application of Controlled Atmospheres, G. Airtight Storage of Damp Grain
• Refrigeration: A. Introduction, B. Engineering Aspects, C. Biological Considerations, D. Conclusion
• Disinfestation Using Hot Air: A. Introduction, B. Determination of Safe Temperatures for Heating, C. Temperature-Time Combinations Required to Kill Insects, D. Fluidized Bed Heating, E. Spouted Bed, F. Pneumatic Conveyors, G. Costs of Heat Treatments, H. Other High-Temperature Disinfestation Methods

9. Microflora.

• Introduction
• Microflora of Grains and Seeds: A. Bacteria, B. Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts
• When Storage Fungi Invade Seeds
• Effects of Storage Fungi on Seeds: A. Reduction in Germinability, B. Discoloration, C. Respiration and Heating, D. Mustiness, Caking, and Total Decay, E. Catastrophic Losses
• Conditions That Promote Damage to Grains by Storage Fungi: A. Moisture Content, Temperature, and Time as Determinants of Storage Risk, B. Degree to Which Grain Is Already Invaded by Storage Fungi, C. Foreign Material and Mechanical Damage - Insects and Mites
• Temperature Monitoring and Aeration
• Sampling and Testing
• Predicting Grain Storability
• Characteristics of Major Storage Fungi: A. Aspergillus restrictus, B. Aspergillus glaucus Group, C. Aspergillus candidus, D. Aspergillus ochraceus, E. Aspergillus flavus, F. Penicillium
• Grain Preservatives

10. Mycotoxins.

• Introduction
• Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Storage Conditions
• Aspergillus Mycotoxins: A. Properties, B. Analysis, C. Fungi, D. Occurrence
• Penicillium Mycotoxins: A. Properties, B. Analysis, C. Fungi, D. Occurrence
• Aspergillus and Penicillium Growth and Mycotoxin Development in Storage
• Fusarium Mycotoxins: A. Properties, B. Analysis, C. Fungi, D. Occurrence, E. Development

11. Rodents.

• Significance: A. General, B. Local Storage Aspects, C. Grain Contamination, D. Farm and Environmental Considerations
• Types of Rodents: A. Wild, B. Commensal
• Rodent Biology in Rodent Control: A. Life History and Habits, B. Recognition of Rodent Infestations, C. Summary of Rodent Habits and Introduction to Control, D. Ecology of Rodent Control
• Control Measures Against Rats and Mice: A. Sanitation, B. Rodent-Proofing, C. Rodent Control Through Poisoning, D. Fumigation, E. Trapping

12. Insects: Identification, Damage, and Detection.

• Introduction
• Insect Classification, Structure, and Development: A. Classification, B. Structure, C. Development
• Insects in Stored Grain and Grain Products: A. Internal Infestors, B. External Infestors, C. Parasites and Predators of Grain Insects
• Ecological and Environmental Factors Affecting Stored-Product Insect Populations: A. Temperature, B. Moisture, C. Dockage
• Damage Caused by Stored-Product Insects: A. Direct Damage to Grain Kernels and Grain Products, B. Indirect Damage to Grain and Grain Products
• Detection of Insect Infestation: A. Visual Examination, B. Detecting Internal Infestors, C. Detecting Insects in the Environment

13. Control of Stored-Grain Insects.

• Introduction
• Chemical Grain Protectants: A. Inert Dusts, B. Malathion, C. Pyrethrins, D. Dichlorvos, E. Chlorpyrifos-Methyl, F. Pirimiphos-Methyl
• Insecticide Resistance
• Fumigants: A. Methyl Bromide, . Phosphine (Hydrogen Phosphide), C. Chloropicrin, D. Dichlorvos
• Variables That Influence the Efficiency of Fumigation: A. Temperature and Moisture, B. Methods of Application
• Fumigation Safety Procedures
• Modified Atmospheres
• Physical Control and Exclusion: A. Physical Handling, B. Temperature, C. Irradiation, D. Insect Traps
• Biological Control
• Biorationals
• Certification Requirements to Purchase and Apply Restricted-Use Pesticides
• Application: A. Preharvest Preparation, B. Putting Grain into Storage, C. Care During Storage

14. Integrated Pest Management of Stored-Grain Insects.

• Introduction
• IPM Concepts
• Insect Ecology: A. Insect Population Growth, B. Grain Environment, C. Insect Distribution
• Economic Injury Levels and Thresholds: A. Multiple EILs, B. Developing Economic Thresholds
• Sampling for Insects: A. Number of Samples, B. Traps vs. Grain Samples
• IPM Practices: A. Sanitation, B. Parasites, C. Aeration, D. Fumigation, E. Protectants, F. Resistance Management
• Area-Wide Management
• Prospects for the Future: A. Automated Monitoring of Insects, B. Expert Systems and Stored-Grain Management

15. Sampling, Inspecting, and Grading.

• Introduction
• History
• United States Standards for Grain
• Sampling: A. Diverter-Type Mechanical Sampler, B. Probe or Trier Sampler, C. Pelican Sampler, D. Ellis Cup Sampler, E. Probe-Type Mechanical Sampler, F. Woodside-Type Mechanical Sampler, G. Sampling Problems
• Inspection and Grading: A. Preliminary Examinations, B. Condition Factors, C. Type, D. Class and Subclass, E. Test Weight per Bushel, F. Moisture, G. Dockage, H. Foreign Material, I. Damaged Kernels, J. Other Factors, K. Grading, L. Inspection Problems
• Recent and Future Developments: A. Soybean Oil and Protein Analysis, B. Falling Number Test, C. Hidden/Dead Infestation Detection, D. Objective Wheat Classing, E. Pesticide/Herbicide Residue Survey

16. The Economics of Grain Storage.

• The Economic Determinants of Private Grain Storage
• Grain Storage Facilities in the U.S. Grain Marketing Channel
• Costs of Grain Storage
• Grain Storage: The Role of Futures Markets: A. Pricing and the Temporal Allocation of Stocks, B. Risk Management: Hedging
• Government Policies That Influence Grain Storage
• Summary

Index