Analyzes a solid waste management case study with combined methods, presenting each step as a pilot project
Environmental engineers, industrial ecologists, hazardous waste managers and other professionals within the environmental field recognize the importance of incorporating elements of risk assessment with life-cycle assessments. ,These analytical tools have become increasingly a part of environmental management practices. But until now this development has been ignored by textbook literature for graduate students and professionals.
Integrated Life-Cycle and Risk Assessment for Industrial Processes covers the use of life-cycle assessment, risk assessment, and a combined framework of the two in the estimation of environmental damage, providing explanations of methods and descriptions of practical applications in the environmental analysis of industrial processes.
The book opens by examining environmental strategies, then places life-cycle and risk assessment within an environmental toolbox, and explores the integration of the two methods via a case study. This volume is one of the first attempts to illustrate the interfaces between the tools and considers options for continued integration. The new communication between life-cycle assessment experts and risk assessment scientists results in a manual that is practical and useful in environmental analysis and decision making.
Contents
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Problem Setting
Overall Strategies
Business Goals
Concepts
Tools
Procedural Tools
Example: Municipal Waste Incineration as Environmental Problem - the Case of Tarragona, Spain
Questions and Problems: Examples of Decision-Making Situations in Environmental Management
LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Introduction to Life-Cycle Assessment
LCA Framework and the ISO 14000 Pattern
Goal and Scope Definition
Life-Cycle Inventory
Calculation Example
Case Study: LCA Study of an MSWI in Tarragona, Spain
LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Introduction
Phases of LCIA
Impact Categories
Areas of Protection
Midpoint and Endpoint Indicators Weighting: Single Index Approaches Endpoint and Damage-Oriented Methods
Sophistication in Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
Interpretation
Calculation Example: Comparison of PET and Glass for Mineral
Water Bottles
Life-Cycle Tools
Case Study: Application of LCIA Methods in the MSWI Process
Chain LCA
Questions and Exercises
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT
Introduction
Risk Assessment
Typology of Environmental Risk Assessment and its Role
in Environmental Management
Hazard Identification
Exposure Assessment
Dose-Response and Exposure-Response Functions
Risk Characterization and Consequence Determination
The Role of Risk Assessment in Environmental Management
Decisions
Impact Pathway Analysis
Exercises and Problems
UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Introduction
Types of Uncertainties in Environmental Impact Assessment
Ways to Deal with Different Types of Uncertainty
Experiences to Assess Uncertainty in Life-Cycle Assessment
Former Uncertainty Assessment in Impact Pathway Analysis
Introduction to Monte Carlo Simulation
Uncertainty Assessment in Life-Cycle Inventory
Uncertainty Assessment in IPA
Types of Probability Distributions Used
Application of the Framework to Life-Cycle Inventory of Electricity
Produced by a Waste Incinerator 176
Application of Framework to IPA of Waste Incinerator Emissions on a Local Scale
Assigning Probability Distributions to Considered Parameters
Comparison of Uncertainties in Life-Cycle Inventory and IPA
Example: Risk Assessment to PCDD/Fs in Tarragona, Spain, Usingthe Monte Carlo Approach
Exercises and Questions
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ESTIMATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
CHAINS
Introduction
Challenges and Strategy for a Combined Framework of Life-Cycle and Risk Assessment
Comparison of Environmental Impact Assessment and Life-Cycle Assessment
Mathematical Foundation
Outline of the Combined Framework
Necessary Technical Elements
Possible Role of the Framework in Environmental Management
Case Study: Environmental Damage Estimations for the Waste
Incineration Process Chain
Exercises
SITE-DEPENDENT IMPACT ANALYSIS
Site-Dependent Impact Analysis
General Framework for Site-Dependent Impact Assessment Analysis
Generic Classes for Human Health Effects
Site-Dependent Impact Assessment in the Methodology
of Environmental Damage Estimations for Industrial Process Chains
Example: Calculation of Site-Dependent Impact Factors for Catalonia, Spain
Case Study: Site-Dependent Impact Indicators Used for the Waste Incineration Process Chain
Uncertainties in the Methodology Including Site-Dependent Impact
Assessment
Exercises and Questions
APPLICATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS IN INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS CHAINS
Introduction
Example 1: Landfilling of Mixed Household Solid Waste (LCA)
Example 2: Risk Assessment of the 1,1,1-Trichlorethane Emissions from Landfilling of Mixed Household Solid Waste
Example 2.1: LCA of Universal Remote for Operating a Television and Video
Example 2.2: Universal Remote for Operating a Television and a Video Site-Specific Environmental Assessment
Example 3: Environmental Assessment of a Separation Process, Applying LCA and ERA
Conclusions
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